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Legal Tools Instead of Weapons: Jewish Resistance to the State Takeover of Urban Real Estate and Businesses during the Antonescu Regime
Stefan Cristian Ionescu
"I will investigate the different forms of Jewish resistance to the Antonescu regime, focusing on the use of legalities to bypass the process of Romanianization or Aryanization or state takeover of businesses and urban real estate, a process that aimed to exclude Jews from the local economy and, ultimately, from society.1 The use of legal tools, mainly sabotage and judicial contestation by tens of thousands of Romanian Jews, was resistance to the Holocaust at its best.2 If the seizure of Jewish properties, businesses, and jobs, as envisioned by Romanianization’s social architects, had succeeded, it would have meant starvation, homelessness, forced labor detachments, deportation to Transnistria, and the destruction of Jewish communities.3 According to contemporary accounts (diaries), Jews considered the struggle to stay alive and preserve their livelihoods (including properties, jobs, and businesses) as resistance to Antonescu’s antisemitic policies.4 Additionally, the Antonescu bureaucrats considered Jews’ massive use of legalities as resistance to Romanianization using terms such as 'resistance,' 'opposition,' and, most frequently, 'sabotage.'5 My study is based on official documents produced by state bureaucrats, judicial bodies, Jewish communities, foreign diplomats, and personal narratives of Romania’s inhabitants.6 I will begin with an overview of the World War II Antonescu regime and its antisemitic policies, especially Romanianization, and a brief history of Jewish responses to these persecutions. I will then explore legal resistance and sabotage as the main forms of Jewish resistance to the Romanianization of urban real estate and businesses."
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Hemingway: A Typical Doughboy
Jennifer D. Keene
Ernest Hemingways early adulthood (19171929) was marked by his work as a journalist, wartime service, marriage, conflicts with parents, expatriation, artistic struggle, and spectacular success. In War + Ink, veteran and emerging Hemingway scholars, alongside experts in related fields, present pathbreaking research that provides important insights into this period of Hemingways life. Comprised of sixteen elegantly written essays, War + Ink revisits Hemingways formative experiences as a cub reporter in Kansas City. It establishes a fresh set of contexts for his Italian adventure in 1918 and his novels and short stories of the 1920s, offers some provocative reflections on his fiction and the issue of truth-telling in war literature, and reexamines his later career in terms of themes, issues, or places tied to his early life. The essays vary in methodology, theoretical assumptions, and scope; what they share is an eagerness to questionand to look beyondtruisms that have long prevailed in Hemingway scholarship. Highlights include historian Jennifer Keenes persuasive analysis of Hemingway as a typical doughboy, Ellen Andrew Knodts unearthing of Hemingwayesque language spread throughout the correspondence penned by his World War I contemporaries, Susan Beegels account of the 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic and its previously unrecognized impact on the young Hemingway, Jennifer Haytocks adroit analysis of destructive spectatorship in The Sun Also Rises , Mark Cirinos groundbreaking discussion of the instantaneous life review experienced by Hemingways dying characters (an intrusion of the speculative and the fantastic into fiction better known for its hard surfaces and harsh truths), and Matthew Nickels detailed interpretation of the significance of Kansas City in Across the River and Into the Trees . A trio of scholarsCelia Kingsbury, William Blazek, and Daryl Palmerfocus on Soldiers Home, offering three very different readings of this quintessential narrative of an American soldiers homecoming. Finally, Dan Clayton and Thomas G. Bowie reexamine Hemingways war stories in light of those told by todays veterans. War + Ink offers a cross section of todays Hemingway scholarship at its bestand reintroduces us to a young Hemingway we only thought we knew.
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North America
Jennifer D. Keene
"These demographic shifts are just one example of how considering North America as an entity during the First World War offers the alluring possibility of breaking away from the strictures of the normal nation-state approach to studying the war, presenting an opportunity to consider the war's regional and global dimensions. Uncovering the full scope of 'North America's War' requires evaluating Britain's dominant position in the global political economy, North America's contribution to the fighting, international relations within North America and how North American-based events and initiatives affected the course of the war and the peace."
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Wilson and Race Relations
Jennifer D. Keene
A Companion to Woodrow Wilson presents a compilation of essays contributed by various scholars in the field that cover all aspects of the life and career of America’s 28th president. This chapter focuses on Wilson's race relations policies.
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No Sure Victory: Measuring U.S. Army Effectiveness and Progress in the Vietnam War
Gregory A. Daddis
Conventional wisdom holds that the US Army in Vietnam, thrust into an unconventional war where occupying terrain was a meaningless measure of success, depended on body counts as its sole measure of military progress. In No Sure Victory, Army officer and historian Gregory Daddis looks far deeper into the Army's techniques for measuring military success and presents a much more complicated-and disturbing-account of the American misadventure in Indochina.
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Displaced Persons Act
Shira Klein
An encyclopedia entry on the Displaced Persons Act, or Wiley-Rivercomb Bill, signed into law signed by President Harry Truman on June 25, 1948. It provided for the immigration of displaced Europeans into the United States following the Second World War.
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Sustaining the Will to Fight: The American Army in World War I
Jennifer D. Keene
The raising, training and sustaining of armies tells us much about the ways in which armies have done, and do, fill 'the yawning gap between ends and means' in meeting and overcoming the challenges of the battlefield. These essays draw on examples ranging from the American Civil War to the United Nations intervention in East Timor in 1999 to illustrate how armies have met, or failed to meet, these challenges
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United States in the First World War
Jennifer D. Keene
This chapter focusing on the devasting events for American soliders during World War I.
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Master of the Air: William Tunner and the Success of Military Airlift
Robert A. Slayton
In 1948, just as the Cold War was settling into the form it would maintain for nearly half a century, major antagonists the US and the USSR began maneuvering into a series of dangerously hostile encounters. Trouble had broken out in Poland and Czechoslovakia, but it was in Germany, which had been at the heart of World Wars One and Two, that the first potentially explosive confrontation developed. The USSR, which had suffered more at Germany’s hands than the rest of the Allies combined, may have viewed developments there with heightened fear and irritability. When the western Allies moved to consolidate their areas of control in occupied Germany, the USSR responded by cutting off land access to West Berlin, holding over two million residents of that city hostage in an aggressive act of brinkmanship.
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Images of Racial Pride: African American Propaganda Posters in the First World War
Jennifer D. Keene
During World War I governmental agencies in the United States produced thousands of posters that targeted both the entire country and specific segments of the population, including the African American community.
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The Memory of the Great War in the African American Community
Jennifer D. Keene
One day a colonel met a colored captain whom he thought he had seen be- fore. “Haven’t I seen you somewhere?” he asked. “Yes, sir,” replied the man, “I was with you on the [Mexican] border [in 1916]; Captain French is my name, sir.” “Oh, I do remember,” said the colonel, “you are Sergeant French.” “No, sir, I am Captain French.” “Well,” said the colonel as he walked away, “if I forget and call you Sergeant, don’t mind.” This encounter between two officers in France during the First World War encapsulated the essence of black troops’ war experience: trying to serve with honor and distinction while encountering a steady torrent of racial prejudice.
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Americans at War: Assessing the Significance of American Participation in the Great War
Jennifer D. Keene
This chapter focuses on American involvement in the Great War (as compared to New Zealand's) and the significance of their final victory.
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World War I, American Soldiers Lives Series
Jennifer D. Keene
Read the experiences of the men and women who served in a horrific war, across the sea-the Great War. Relying extensively on letters, diaries, and reminiscences of those Americans who fought or served in World War I, Jennifer Keene reports on training and camp requirements for enlistees and recruits; the details of the transport across the ocean of sailors, soldiers, and others being carried Over There; and the experiences of African Americans, women, Native Americans and immigrants in The White Man's Army. She also describes in vivid detail, The Sailor's War, and for those on the ground in France and Belgium, the events of static trench warfare, and movement combat. Chapters describe coping with and treating disease and wounds; the devastating amount of death; and for those who came home, the veterans' difficult entrances back into civilian life. A timeline, extensive bibliography or recommended sources, and illustrations add to the usefulness of the volume.
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Protest and Disability: A New Look at African American Soldiers During the First World War
Jennifer D. Keene
This chapter focuses on the treatment of African American soldiers during World War I.
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Raising the American Expeditionary Forces: Early Decision Making in 1917
Jennifer D. Keene
This chapter focuses on the increase of American expeditionary forces: in 1917.
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Arms of Destruction: Ranking the World's Best Land Weapons of World War II
Robert A. Slayton
World War II left behind a legacy of bloodshed and glory - but its military technology still ignites debate. What was the best tank of war? Does the 8mm cannon live up to its rep? Slayton tackles the subject giving clear descriptions, and rock-hard ruling, on what weapons rose to the top and why. He explains how arms of the era came about, why they work and what makes them unique. Packed with fascinating facts, great eyewitness stories and exciting photos, this is an essential volume for military and history buffs, World War II vets, hobbyists, patriots and modellers alike.
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Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council
Robert A. Slayton
This chapter focuses on the neighborhood councils in Chicago throughout the years.
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Homelessness and Shelters
Robert A. Slayton
This chapter focuses on the rise and fall of homelessness in the city of Chicago throughout the years
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Doughboys, the Great War, and the Remaking of America
Jennifer D. Keene
Keene shows how citizen-soldiers established standards of discipline that the army in a sense had to adopt. Even after these troops had returned to civilian life, lessons learned by the army during its first experience with a mass conscripted force continued to influence the military as an institution. The experience of going into uniform and fighting abroad politicized citizen-soldiers, Keene finally argues, in ways she asks us to ponder. She finds that the country and the conscripts―in their view―entered into a certain social compact, one that assured veterans that the federal government owed conscripted soldiers of the twentieth century debts far in excess of the pensions the Grand Army of the Republic had claimed in the late nineteenth century.
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French and American Racial Stereotypes during the First World War
Jennifer D. Keene
This chapter focuses on the racial prejudice in France and America during World War I.
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Al Smith and the 1928 Election
Robert A. Slayton
This chapter focuses on presidential candidate Al Smith in his campaign against Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
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Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith
Robert A. Slayton
Franklin Roosevelt is said to have explained Al Smith, and his own New Deal, with these words: "Practically all the things we've done in the federal government are the things Al Smith did as governor of New York." Smith, who ran for president in 1928, not only set the model for FDR, he also taught America that the promise of the country extends to everyone and no one should be left behind.
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The Jungle
Robert A. Slayton
This chapter discusses one of the most significant novels in American history, The Jungle by Upton Sinclair.
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The Jungle
Robert A. Slayton
This entry discusses one of the most significant novels in American history, Upton Sinclair's The Jungle.
Below you may find selected books and book chapters from History faculty in the Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences.
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