Document Type
Article
Publication Date
6-16-2016
Abstract
Recent developments in bone tissue engineering have led to an increased interest in one-dimensional (1D) hydroxyapatite (HA) nano- and micro-structures such as wires, ribbons and tubes. They have been proposed for use as cell substrates, reinforcing phases in composites and carriers for biologically active substances. Here we demonstrate the synthesis of 1D HA structures using an optimized, urea-assisted, high-yield hydrothermal batch process. The one-pot process, yielding HA structures composed of bundles of ribbons and wires, was typified by the simultaneous occurrence of a multitude of intermediate reactions, failing to meet the uniformity criteria over particle morphology and size. To overcome these issues, the preparation procedure was divided to two stages: dicalcium phosphate platelets synthesized in the first step were used as a precursor for the synthesis of 1D HA in the second stage. Despite the elongated particle morphologies, both the precursor and the final product exhibited excellent biocompatibility and caused no reduction of viability when tested against osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells in 2D culture up to the concentration of 2.6 mg/cm2. X-ray powder diffraction combined with a range of electron microscopies and laser diffraction analyses was used to elucidate the formation mechanism and the microstructure of the final particles. The two-step synthesis involved a more direct transformation of DCP to 1D HA with the average diameter of 37 nm and the aspect ratio exceeding 100:1. The comparison of crystalline domain sizes along different crystallographic directions showed no signs of significant anisotropy, while indicating that individual nanowires are ordered in bundles in the b crystallographic direction of the P63/m space group of HA. Intermediate processes, e.g., dehydration of dicalcium phosphate, are critical for the formation of 1D HA alongside other key aspects of this phase transformation, it must be investigated in more detail in the continuous design of smart HA micro- and nano-structures with advanced therapeutic potentials.
Recommended Citation
Stojanović Z, Ignjatović N, Wu V, Žunič V, Veselinović L, Škapin S, Miljković M, Uskoković V, Uskoković D. Hydrothermally processed 1D hydroxyapatite: Mechanism of formation and biocompatibility studies. Mater Sci Eng C 2016;68:746-757. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.06.047
Supplementary Information
Copyright
Elsevier
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License.
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Molecular, Cellular, and Tissue Engineering Commons, Nanomedicine Commons, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Commons
Comments
NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Materials Science & Engineering C. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Materials Science & Engineering C, volume 68, in 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.06.047
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